Glossary

tibetanwyliepreferred_englishother_english_variantssanskritnotes
རྐང་མིག་པrkang mig paAkṣapādaFoot-Eye; Gautama; AkshapadaAkṣapāda
བག་ཆགསbag chagstracepropensity; latency; imprintvāsanā
བར་ཆད་མེད་ལམbar chad med lamuninterrupted pathānantaryamārga
བཅད་ཤེསbcad shessubsequent cognitionsubsequent ascertainment; re-cognition; determinate cognitionpariccinnajñāna
བདགbdagselfātman
བདག་གཅིག་འབྲེལbdag gcig ‘brelrelation of identical natureidentity relationtādātmyasambandha
བདག་གི་བbdag gi babelonging to selfmineātmīya
བདག་མེདbdag medselflessselflessness; no-selfanātman
བདག་རྐྱེནbdag rkyenruling conditiondominant condition; empowering conditionadhipatipratyaya
བེམ་པོbem pomattermaterial phenomenonkanthā
བློblomindintellect; mental episode; cognitionbuddhi
འབྲས་བུbras buresulteffect; fruitphala
འབྲས་བུ་གཅིག་པ’bras bu gcig pahomogenous resulthomogeneous result; result of one kind
འབྲས་རྟགསbras rtagsproof of the resulteffect reason; reasoning of effectkāryahetu
བརྡbrdaagreed-upon conventionsignsaṃketa
འབྲེལ་བ’brel barelationshiprelation; connectionsaṃbandha
བརྒྱུད་འབྲསbrgyud ‘brasindirect effectindirect result
བརྒྱུད་རྒྱུbrgyud rgyuindirect cause
བརྗོད་བྱbrjod byaobject of expressionphenomenon expressed; what is expressed; expressedabhidheya
བརྗོད་བྱེདbrjod byedverbal expressionexpresser; expressionabhidhāna
བརྗོད་འདོདbrjod ‘dodwish-to-expressintention to express; desire to expressvivakṣā
བསྒྲུབ་བྱbsgrub byaprobandumobject to be proven; what is to be provedsādhya
བསྒྲུབ་བྱའི་ཆོསbsgrub bya’i chosproperty of the probandumpredicate of the syllogismsādhyadharma
བཏགས་ཡོདbtags yodimputedly existentnominally existentprajñaptisat
བྱང་སེམསbyang semsbodhichittabodhisattvabodhisattva
བྱས་པbyas paproducedproduced phenomenon; productkṛta
བྱེ་བྲགbye bragparticulardistinction; particular feature; individuationviśeṣa
འབྱུང་གྱུར’byung gyurarisen from elementsevolute of elements; derived from the elements; element evolutebhautika
བཟློག་པbzlog paexclusionreversalparāvṛtti
ཆོསchosphenomenonpredicate; dharma; teachingdharma
ཆོས་ཅནchos cansubjectproperty-possessor; substratumdharmin
དམ་བཅའdam bca’thesisassertion; propositionpratijñā
དབང་པོdbang posense facultysense-basis; facultyindriya
དབང་ཤེསdbang shessense consciousnesssense cognitionindriyajñāna
དབྱེ་བdbye badivisionclassificationprabheda
དབྱིབསdbyibsshapesaṃsthāna
དེ་བྱུང་འབྲེལde byung ‘brelcausal relationrelation of originationtadutpatti
དེ་མ་ཐག་པའི་རྐྱེནde ma thag pa’i rkyenimmediately preceding conditionpreceding conditionsamanantarapratyaya
དགག་པdgag panegationpratiṣedha
དམིགས་པdmigs paobservationfocal object; observed objectālambana
དམིགས་རྐྱེནdmigs rkyenobserved conditionobject-conditionālambanapratyaya
དངོས་འབྲསdngos ‘brasdirect effectdirect result
དངོས་འགལdngos ‘galdirect contradictionexplicit contradiction
དངོས་མེདdngos mednon-entitynon-thing; non-functional thingabhāva
དངོས་པོdngos poentitything; functional thing; real thingbhāva
དངོས་རྒྱུdngos rgyudirect cause
དངོས་པོ་སྟོབས་ཞུགས་ཀྱི་རིགས་པdngos po stobs zhugs kyi rigs pafactually grounded reasoningfactually grounded inference; reasoning operating by the power of factsvastubalapravṛttānumāna
འདོད་ཆགསdod chagsdesireattachment; cravingrāga
དོནdonobjectmeaning; purpose; referentartha
དོནdonmeaningobject; purpose; referentsārtha
དོན་བྱེད་ནུས་པdon byed nus paable to perform a functioncausally effective; capable of producing an effectarthakriyāsamartham
དོན་དམ་བདེན་པdon dam bden paultimate truthparamārthasatya
དོན་གཅིགdon gcigmutually inclusivecoextensive; equivalent; same meaningekārtha
དོན་གཞནdon gzhanseparate entitydifferent entity; other objectarthāntara
དོན་ལྡོགdon ldogmeaning-isolateisolate of its own meaning; essential isolate
དོན་རིགdon rigobject knowerother-knowing; object-cognition; cognition of the objectarthasaṃvitti
དོན་སྤྱིdon spyiconceptual generalityobject generality; object-universal; meaning generalityarthasāmānya
དཔེdpeexampledṛṣṭānta
འདུ་ཤེསdu shesdiscernmentdiscrimination; perception; recognitionsaṃjñā
འདུས་བྱསdus byascompoundedcompounded phenomenon; conditionedsaṃskṛta
འདུས་མ་བྱས་ཀྱི་ནམ་མཁའdus ma byas kyi nam mkha’uncompounded spaceākāśa
འཛིན་རྣམdzin rnamsubjective aspectapprehending aspectgrāhakākāra
འགལ་བgal bamutually exclusivecontradictory; exclusivevirodha
འགལ་བའི་རྟགསgal ba’i rtagscontradictory reasoncontradictory evidenceviruddhahetu
གང་ཟགgang zagpersonpudgala
གཅེར་བུ་པgcer bu paJainNirgranthaNirgrantha
གཅིགgcigonesingular; single phenomenoneka
གནོད་བྱེདgnod byedrefuterbādhaka
གྲུབ་མཐའgrub mtha’tenetstenet system; philosophical systemsiddhānta
གསལ་བgsal baclarityluminosityvyakti
གསལ་བgsal bapredicatevyakti
གསར་དུgsar duanewnovel; afresh
གཏན་ཚིགསgtan tshigsreasonsignhetu
གཏན་ཚིགས་ལྟར་སྣང་བgtan tshigs ltar snang bafallacious reasoningpseudo-reason; apparent reasonhetvābhāsa
གཙོ་བོgtso boprimal substancethe principal; pradhanapradhāna
གཞལ་བྱgzhal byaobject of comprehensionobject of valid cognitionprameya
གཞན་དོན་རྗེས་དཔགgzhan don rjes dpaginference for othersparārthānumāna
གཞན་སེལgzhan selelimination of otherexclusion of what is otheranyāpoha
གཞི་གྲུབgzhi grubestablished baseestablished basisvastu
གཞི་མཐུནgzhi mthuncommon locus
གཟུགསgzugsformmatterrūpa
གཟུགས་བརྙནgzugs brnyanreflectionpratibimba
གཟུང་རྣམgzung rnamobjective aspectapprehended aspectgrāhyākāra
གཟུང་ཡུལgzung yulapprehended objectheld objectgrāhyaviṣaya
རྒྱལ་དཔོག་པrgyal dpog paJaiminiJaimini
འཇིག་པjig padisintegrationdestructionvināśa
འཇུག་ཡུལjug yulobject of engagementinvolved object; object of applicationpravṛttiviṣaya
ཁ་དོགkha dogcolourcolorvarṇa
ཁོང་ཁྲོkhong khroangeraversion; hostilitypratigha
འཁྲུལ་བ’khrul bamistakenerroneousbhrānta
ཁྱབ་པkhyab papervasionentailmentvyāpti
ཀུན་རྫོབ་བདེན་པkun rdzob bden parelative truthconventional truth; concealer truthsaṃvṛtisatya
ཀུན་ཏུ་ཐ་སྙད་ཀྱི་ཚད་མkun tu tha snyad kyi tshad mafully conventional valid cognitionwholly designated valid cognition
ལྡན་མིན་འདུ་བྱེདldan min ‘du byednon-associated compositional factornon-concomitant formationviprayuktasaṃskāra
ལྡོག་ཆོསldog chosisolate phenomenon
ལྡོག་ཁྱབldog khyabnegative pervasioncounter pervasionvyatirekavyāpti
ལྡོག་པldog padistinguishernegative concomitance; reverse; isolatevyatireka
ལྷན་ཅིག་བྱེད་རྐྱེནlhan cig byed rkyencooperative conditioncooperative cause; contributing condition; coordinating causesahakāripratyaya
ལྐོག་གྱུརlkog gyurconcealedhidden object; hiddenparokṣa
ལོག་རྟོགlog rtogwrong conceptionmistaken conception; wrong cognitionmithyā-kalpanā
ལོག་ཤེསlog sheswrong cognitiondistorted cognition; mistaken cognitionmithyā-jñāna
ལྟ་བ་ཉོན་མོངས་ཅནlta ba nyon mongs canafflicted viewwrong viewdṛṣṭi
ལྟག་ཆོདltag chodfutile rejoindersophistical rebuttal; jatijāti
ལུངlungscripturescriptural authority; transmissionāgama
མ་དམིགས་པའི་རྟགསma dmigs pa’i rtagsnon-observation reasonreasoning of non-cognitionanupalabdhihetu
མ་གྲུབ་པའི་རྟགསma grub pa’i rtagsnon-established reasonunestablished reason
མ་འཁྲུལ་བma ‘khrul banon-mistakennon-erroneousabhrānta
མ་མཐོང་བma mthong bathe unseenunseen force; adrstaadṛṣṭa
མ་ངེས་པའི་རྟགསma nges pa’i rtagsuncertain reasonindefinite reason; uncertain reasoning
མ་རིག་པma rig paignoranceavidyā
མ་རྟོགས་པma rtogs panon-realisationnon-cognition; failure to realiseanadhigata
མ་ཡིན་དགགma yin dgagimplicative negationnominally bound negationparyudāsa
མེད་དགགmed dgagnon-implicative negationverbally bound negationprasajyapratiṣedha
མེད་ན་མི་འབྱུང་གི་འབྲེལ་བmed na mi ‘byung gi ‘brel bainvariable concomitancenecessary connection; non-occurrence-without relation; indispensable relationship
མེད་པmed panon-existentnon-existenceasat
མི་མཐུན་དཔེmi mthun dpedissimilar exampleincongruent example; negative example
མི་མཐུན་ཕྱོགསmi mthun phyogsdissimilar classincongruent class; discordant classvipakṣa
མི་རྟག་པmi rtag paimpermanentimpermanenceanitya
མི་སློབ་ལམmi slob lampath of no more learningaśaikṣamārga
མི་སླུ་བmi slu banon-deceptivenon-fraudulent; non-deceiving; nondeceptive; undeceivingavisaṃvādi
མི་སྣང་བ་མ་དམིགསmi snang ba ma dmigsnonapprehension by way of nonappearancenon-observation by nonappearance
མིག་གི་ཤེས་པmig gi shes paeye consciousnessvisual consciousnesscakṣurvijñāna
རྒྱལ་དཔྱོདrgyal dpyod / dpyod pa baMīmāṃsāMimamsaMīmāṃsā
མཇུག་སྡུདmjug sdudconclusionsummationnigamana
མངོན་གྱུརmngon gyurevidentmanifestabhimukhī
མངོན་སུམmngon sumdirect perceptionperception; bare cognition; direct valid perceptionpratyakṣa
མངོན་སུམ་ལྟར་སྣངmngon sum ltar snangpseudo-perceptionapparent direct perception; semblance of perceptionpratyakṣābhāsa
མངོན་སུམ་རྟོག་པ་ཅནmngon sum rtog pa candeterminate perceptionconceptual perceptionsavikalpakapratyakṣa
མངོན་སུམ་རྟོག་མེདmngon sum rtog mednon-determinate perceptionnon-conceptual perceptionnirvikalpakapratyakṣa
མཉམ་བཞགmnyam bzhagmeditative equipoisemeditative absorptionsamāhita
མཐོང་ལམmthong lampath of seeingdarśanamārga
མཐུན་དཔེmthun dpesimilar examplecongruent example; positive exampleudāharaṇa
མཐུན་ཕྱོགསmthun phyogssimilar classcongruent class; concordant classsapakṣa
མཚན་གཞིmtshan gzhiillustrationexample; instance of a definitionlakṣya
མཚན་ཉིདmtshan nyiddefinitiondefining characteristiclakṣaṇa
མཚོན་བྱmtshon byadefiniendumlakṣya
མུ་བཞིmu bzhifour possibilities
མུ་གསུམmu gsumthree possibilities
མུན་པmun patamasdarknesstamas
མྱོང་བmyong baexperiencepresentational apprehensionanubhava
ང་རྒྱལnga rgyalprideconceitmāna
ངེས་པnges pacertaintyascertainment; determinationniścaya
ངེས་ཤེསnges shesascertaining cognitionascertaining consciousnessniścayajñāna
ངོ་བོ་གཅིགngo bo gcigidentical entitysame entity; one entityekarūpatā
ངོ་བོ་ཐ་དདngo bo tha daddistinct entitydifferent entitybhinna
ནུས་པnus paabilitycapacity; potential; powerśakti
ཉན་ཐོསnyan thosHearerlistenerśrāvaka
རིགས་པ་ཅན་པrigs pa can paNyāyaNyayaNyāya
ཉེར་འཇལnyer ‘jalcomparisonanalogy; comparison-inferenceupamāna
ཉེར་ལེནnyer lensubstantial causematerial causeupādāna
ཉེ་བར་སྦྱོར་བnye bar sbyor baapplicationupanaya
ཉོན་མོངསnyon mongsafflictionafflictive emotion; mental affliction; defilementkleśa
འཕགས་པphags panoble beingarya; superiorārya
ཕན་བྱེདphan byedbeneficialdirectly productive; directly affectingupakāra
ཕུང་པོphung poaggregateheapskandha
ཕྱིན་ཅི་ལོག་པphyin ci log pamistakenerroneous; pervertedviparyasta
ཕྱོགསphyogspositionthesispakṣa
ཕྱོགས་ཆོསphyogs chosproperty of the positionproperty of the subjectpakṣadharmatā
རང་བཞིནrang bzhinessenceown nature; nature; intrinsic naturesvabhāva
རང་བཞིན་གཅིག་པrang bzhin gcig pasingle natureone nature
རང་བཞིན་གྱི་རྟགསrang bzhin gyi rtagsreasoning of identical naturenature reason; own-nature reasonsvabhāvahetu
རང་དོན་རྗེས་དཔགrang don rjes dpaginference for oneselfsvārthānumāna
རང་ཉིད་གསལ་བrang nyid gsal baself-luminousself-presentingsvayaṃprakāśa
རང་མཚནrang mtshanspecifically characterised phenomenonparticular; unique particularsvalakṣaṇa
རང་རྒྱལrang rgyalpratyekabuddhasolitary realiser; self-victorpratyekabuddha
རང་རིགrang rigself-awarenessself-cognition; apperception; reflexive awarenesssvasaṃvitti
རྡུལrdulrajasdustrajas
རྡུལ་ཕྲནrdul phranatomparamāṇu
རྫསrdzassubstancedravya
རྫས་ཆོསrdzas chossubstantial phenomenon
རྫས་རྒྱུནrdzas rgyunsubstantial continuum
རྫས་ཡོདrdzas yodsubstantially existentdravyasat
རེག་པreg pacontactsparśa
རྒྱང་ཕནrgyang phanCharvakamaterialist; Cārvākacārvāka
རྒྱུrgyucausehetu
རྒྱུ་མཚནrgyu mtshanreasonsign; basisnimitta
རིག་བྱེད་པrig byed paVaidikafollowers of the Veda; Vedic proponentsVaidika
རིགསrigsclasstype; kindjāti
རིགས་པrigs pareasoninglogicnyāya
རིགས་རྒྱུནrigs rgyuncontinuum of similar typetype-continuum; kind-continuum; stream of beingjātisantāna
རིགས་སྤྱིrigs spyitype-universaltype generalityjātisāmānya
རིགས་སྤྱིrigs spyitype generalitytype-universal
རྗེས་དཔགrjes dpaginferenceinferential cognitionanumāna
རྗེས་འགྲོrjes ‘gropositive concomitanceanvaya
རྗེས་ཁྱབrjes khyabforward pervasionpositive pervasion; concomitant pervasionanvayavyāpti
རྗེས་ཐོབrjes thobpost-meditationsubsequent attainmentpṛṣṭhalabdha
རྐྱེནrkyenconditionpratyaya
རྣ་བའི་ཤེས་པrna ba’i shes paear consciousnessauditory consciousnessśrotravijñāna
རྣལ་འབྱོར་མངོན་སུམrnal ‘byor mngon sumyogic direct perceptionyogic perceptionyogipratyakṣa
རྣམ་པ་དང་བཅས་པར་སྨྲ་བrnam pa dang bcas par smra baAspectarianproponent of Aspectsākāravāda
རྣམ་པར་བདེན་པར་སྨྲ་བrnam par bden par smra baTrue Aspectariansatyākāravādin
རྣམ་གཅོདrnam gcodpreclusionvyavaccheda
རྣམ་གྲོལ་ལམrnam grol lampath of liberationvimuktimārga
རྣམ་པ་མེད་པར་སྨྲ་བrnam pa med par smra baproponent of no-aspectnirākāravāda
རྣམ་པrnam paaspectākāra
རྣམ་པར་རྫུན་པ་སྨྲ་བrnam par rdzun pa smra baFalse Aspectarianalīkākāravādin
རྟག་པrtag papermanentpermanencenitya
རྟགསrtagsreasonevidence; sign; logical markliṅga
རྟགས་ཡང་དགrtags yang dagcorrect evidencecorrect reasonsamyakliṅga
རྟེན་འབྱུངrten ‘byungdependent arisingdependent originationpratītyasamutpāda
རྟོག་པ་དང་བྲལ་བrtog pa dang bral bafree from conceptual constructionfree from conception; free from conceptualitykalpanāpoḍha
རྟོག་པrtog paconceptual cognitionconceptual thought; conception; thoughtkalpanā
རྟོགས་པrtogs parealisationunderstanding; apprehension; to realiseadhigama
ས་བོནsa bonseedbīja
གྲངས་ཅན་པgrangs can paSāṃkhyaenumerator; SamkhyaSāṃkhya
སྦྱོར་བsbyor basyllogismformal argumentprayoga
སྦྱོར་ལམsbyor lampath of applicationpath of preparationprayogamārga
སེལ་བsel baexclusioneliminationapoha
སེལ་འཇུགsel ‘jugengaging by exclusioneliminative engagementapohapravṛtti
སེམསsemsmindprimary mind; main mindcitta
སེམས་བྱུངsems byungmental factormental eventcaitta
སེམས་པsems paintentionvolitioncetanā
སེམས་ཙམsems tsamChittamatraMind-Onlycittamātra
སྒོམ་ལམsgom lampath of meditationbhāvanāmārga
སྒྲsgrasoundlanguage; verbal testimony; wordśabda
སྒྲ་དོནsgra donword-objectword-meaning; meaning of a word; object indicated by wordsśabdārtha
སྒྲ་སྤྱིsgra spyiterm-universalterm generality; word-universalśabdasāmānya
སྒྲོ་བཏགསsgro bdagssuperimpositionsamāropa
སྒྲོ་འདོགསsgro ‘dogssuperimpositionadhyāropa
སྒྲུབ་འཇུགsgrub ‘jugaffirmative engagementfull engagement; complete engagement; engage by affirmationvidhipravṛtti
ཤེས་བྱshes byaobject of knowledgeknowable; knowable objectjñeya
ཤེས་པshes pacognitionconsciousness; awareness; mental episodejñāna
ཤིན་ཏུ་ལྐོག་གྱུརshin tu lkog gyurthoroughly hiddenextremely hiddenatyantaparokṣa
སྐད་ཅིག་མskad cig mamomentaryevanescent; instantaneouskṣaṇika
བསྐལ་དོནbskal doninaccessible objectpresence in doubt; remote phenomenaviprakṛṣṭārtha
སྐུར་འདེབསskur ‘debsdenialnihilism; denigrationapavāda
སྐྱེ་མཆེདskye mchedsense spheresense source; sphereāyatana
སྐྱེས་བུskyes bupersonman; selfpuruṣa
སྣང་བsnang baappearanceintuitional meaningpratibhā
སྣང་ལ་མ་ངེས་པsnang la ma nges paappearance-without-ascertainmentawareness to which the object appears but is not ascertained; inattentive cognition; non-determining cognition; non-ascertaining cognitionaniyatapratibhāsa
སྣང་རུང་མ་དམིགསsnang rung ma dmigsnonapprehension of that which should appearnon-observation of the apparent
སྣང་ཡུལsnang yulappearing objectpratibhāsaviṣaya
སྙིང་སྟོབསsnying stobssattvasattva
སོ་སོ་སྐྱེ་བོso so skye boordinary beingcommon beingpṛthagjana
སྤྱིspyiuniversalgenerality; collectivesāmānya
སྤྱི་དང་བྱེ་བྲགspyi dang bye braguniversal and particulargeneralities and instances; general and specific
སྤྱི་གཙོ་བོspyi gtso bouniversal principleprimordial matter; primary universalprakṛti
སྤྱི་མཚནspyi mtshangenerally characterised phenomenonuniversalsāmānyalakṣaṇa
སྲིད་པsrid papossibleexistence in the sense of possibility
ཐ་དདtha daddifferentdistinct; different phenomenabhinna
ཐ་སྙདtha snyadconventionlinguistic convention; designation; conventional usagevyavahāra
ཐལ་འགྱུརthal ‘gyurconsequenceprasanga; absurd consequenceprāsaṅga
ཐེ་ཚོམthe tshomdoubtindecisive waveringsaṃdigdha
ཚད་འབྲསtshad ‘brasresult of valid cognitionpramāṇaphala
ཚད་མtshad mavalid cognitionvalid way of knowing; valid awareness; means of valid cognitionpramāṇa
ཚད་མ་གཞན་གྱིས་གྲུབ་པtshad ma gzhan gyis grub paextrinsic validityexternal validity; other-established validityparataḥprāmāṇya
ཚད་མ་རང་ཉིད་ཀྱིས་གྲུབ་པtshad ma rang nyid kyis grub paintrinsic validityinternal validity; self-established validitysvataḥprāmāṇya
ཚད་མར་གྱུར་པtshad mar gyur paone who became a valid authorityserving as valid cognition; become a valid authoritypramāṇabhūta
ཚད་མིནtshad mininvalid cognitionnon-valid cognition; non-pramāṇaapramāṇa
ཚར་གཅད་གནསtshar gcad gnaspoint of defeatground of defeat; nigrahasthananigrahasthāna
ཚོགས་ལམtshogs lampath of accumulationsaṃbhāramārga
ཚོགས་སྤྱིtshogs spyicollection generalitycomposite generality
ཚོར་བtshor bafeelingvedanā
ཚུལ་གསུམtshul gsumthree-fold criteriathree modes; three characteristics; triple characteristictrairūpya
འུག་ཕྲུག་པ’ug phrug paOwl SchoolOwl’s Son; AulukyaAulūkya
བྱེ་བྲག་པbye brag paVaiśeṣikaVaisesikaVaiśeṣika
བརྡ་སྤྲོད་པbrda sprod paVaiyākaraṇaGrammariansVaiyākaraṇa
གནས་མ་བུ་བgnas ma bu baVātsīputrīyaVatsiputriyaVātsīputrīya
ཡན་ལག་ཅནyan lag canwholepossessor of parts; part-possessor; whole-with-partsavayavin
ཡང་དག་འཕྲོད་པyang dag ‘phrod painherencesamavāya
ཡིདyidmindmental facultymanas
ཡིད་དཔྱོདyid dpyodcorrect assumptioninvestigative thought; assumption; presumption; mental discrimination; intellectual analysis; mental analysis; correctly assuming consciousnessmanaḥparīkṣa
ཡིད་ལ་བྱེད་པyid la byed pamental engagementattentionmanaskāra
ཡིད་མངོནyid mngonmental perceptionmental direct perceptionmānasapratyakṣa
ཡིད་ཀྱི་ཤེས་པyid kyi shes pamental consciousnessmanovijñāna
ཡིན་ཁྱབ་མཉམyin khyab mnyammutually inclusivecoextensive; mutually pervasive
ཡོད་པyod paexistentexistence; to existsat
ཡོན་ཏནyon tanqualityexcellent quality; feature; good qualityguṇa
ཡུལyulobjectviṣaya
ཞེན་ཡུལzhen yulconceived objectreferent object; intentional objectadhyavasāyaviṣaya